Foods dogs can't eat: the list every owner should know

Why some human foods are dangerous

Dogs digest food differently than we do. Substances that are harmless to people can damage a dog's kidneys, liver, blood or nervous system. And because dogs are smaller and often eat fast, even a small amount can be enough to cause problems.

Chocolate and caffeine

Chocolate contains theobromine and caffeine, which dogs process very slowly. The darker the chocolate, the more dangerous it is: baking chocolate and dark chocolate are far riskier than milk chocolate. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, a racing heart, tremors and, in serious cases, seizures. Coffee, tea, energy drinks and caffeine pills are dangerous for the same reason.

Grapes and raisins

Grapes, raisins, currants and sultanas can cause sudden kidney failure in some dogs. Scientists still aren't sure exactly why, and there is no known safe amount, so it's best to avoid them completely. Watch out for baked goods, granola and trail mix that contain raisins.

Onion, garlic, leeks and chives

These plants damage dogs' red blood cells and can cause anemia. It doesn't matter whether they're raw, cooked, dried or powdered. Be careful with leftovers, sauces, soups and seasoned meat, which often contain onion or garlic. Symptoms may appear several days later: weakness, pale gums and dark urine.

Xylitol

Xylitol is a sweetener found in sugar-free gum, candy, some peanut butters, toothpaste and baked goods. In dogs it causes a sharp drop in blood sugar within minutes and can damage the liver. It's one of the most urgent poisonings: if your dog eats something with xylitol, call your vet immediately. Always check the label before sharing peanut butter.

Other foods to avoid

• Macadamia nuts: cause weakness, especially in the back legs, vomiting and fever.
• Alcohol and raw bread dough: the dough ferments in the stomach and produces alcohol.
• Cooked bones: splinter and can injure the mouth, throat or intestines.
• Very fatty food: bacon, skin and fat trimmings can trigger pancreatitis.
• Salt in large amounts: salty snacks or homemade play dough can be dangerous.
• Avocado: less dangerous for dogs than for birds, but the pit can cause blockages.

What to do if your dog eats something toxic

Stay calm and act quickly. Move your dog away from the food, keep the package and estimate how much it ate and when. Then call your vet or an emergency clinic. In the US you can also call ASPCA Animal Poison Control or Pet Poison Helpline (a fee may apply). Don't make your dog vomit unless a professional tells you to, and don't give milk or oil. Symptoms can take hours or days to appear, so don't wait for them.

Holidays and parties: the riskiest days

Most poisonings happen on special days. At birthdays, barbecues and holiday dinners there is more food within reach, more guests sharing scraps and less attention on the dog. Chocolate gifts, grape platters, fruitcake with raisins, sugar-free desserts and bones from the roast are all common culprits.

Before guests arrive, put your dog in a quiet room for meal time or ask everyone not to feed it. Keep trash cans closed and clear plates quickly. Give your dog its own safe treat or a stuffed chew toy so it has something to enjoy while everyone eats.

How to dog-proof your kitchen

• Store chocolate, nuts, raisins and baked goods in high, closed cupboards.
• Keep purses and backpacks off the floor: gum and mints with xylitol are often inside.
• Use a trash can with a locking lid.
• Teach a solid "leave it" so you can stop your dog from grabbing something dropped.
• Save your vet's number and the nearest 24-hour emergency clinic in your phone.

Safe treats you can share

Not everything is off-limits. In small amounts, many dogs can enjoy plain cooked chicken, carrot, green beans, seedless apple, banana, blueberries or seedless watermelon. Introduce new foods slowly and keep treats to no more than 10% of daily calories. When in doubt, look the food up in our Is it toxic? tool.

Frequently asked questions

Is a small piece of chocolate dangerous? It depends on the type of chocolate and your dog's weight. Call your vet with those details.

Can dogs eat cheese? Many dogs tolerate small amounts, but some are lactose intolerant and fatty cheeses can upset their stomach.

Are cooked onions safer than raw? No. Onion is toxic in any form.

This article is for information only and does not replace a visit to your vet.